What Is Cognitive Science?
نویسنده
چکیده
Rich scientific disciplines defy simple definition, and Cognitive Science is no exception. For present purposes Cognitive Science can be defined broadly as the scientific study of minds and brains, be they real, artificial, human or animal. In practice Cognitive Science has been more limited, largely restricting itself to domains in which there is reasonable hope of attaining real understanding. The richness and diversity of the contributions to these volumes show that there are now many such domains. By “understanding” we mean going beyond common-sense intuitions, often to the point of radically subverting them. It is no longer surprising when a cognitive system is shown to work in highly unexpected ways. One of the insights of modern cognitive science is that the mind often works in counter-intuitive ways. Mature sciences owe much of their initial progress to the pursuit of phenomena and hypotheses within a few “windows of opportunity”, often opened by chance. Many of these seem, at their inception, to be quite far from the daily concerns of ordinary people, but they come to have great impact. The cognitive sciences have also thrived on the deep exploration of such windows. The analysis of language impairments following stroke or war injuries by a group of outstanding neurologists in the 19 century (Broca, 1878; Wernicke, 1874) is an example, leading to important insights both about the organization of language and its instantiation in the brain. The use of rapid-succession photography by the French physiologist Marey (1830-1904) (Braun, 1992) and by the expatriate Englishman Eadweard Muybridge (also, by a curious coincidence, born in 1830 and deceased in 1904) in the US (Haas, 1976) made possible the
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تاریخ انتشار 2002